Probability: 1st grade math course to download in PDF.

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1 I. Calculating frequencies
2 II. Calculating probabilities

This math course on probability is available for free download in pdf format.

I. Calculating frequencies

Definition:

In a bivariate statistical series, the values are usually represented in a cross tabulation.
The sums of the rows and columns of a double entry table are called the table margins.
They appear in yellow in the table below.
The marginal frequency of a value is the quotient of the total number of this value by the total number of people.

frequency

Remark:

We speak of marginal frequency because we use only the numbers located in the margin of the table.

Example:
We consider a first year class of 32 students having chosen or not the HGGSP speciality.
Of the 32 students in the class, 21 chose the HGGSP specialty.

The marginal frequency of the value “HGGSP specialty” is therefore $\frac{21}{32}$ .
Of the 32 students in the class, 14 are girls.
The marginal frequency of the value “girls” is therefore equal to $\frac{14}{32}$ or 43.75%.

Definition:

When looking for the frequency of occurrence of the value A only for a non
If the value of A is the same as the value of B in the statistical series, we say that we calculate the conditional frequency of the value A among B.
This conditional frequency, noted f_B(A) , is equal to $f_B(A)=\frac{effectif\,verifiant\,a\,la\,fois\,A\,parmi\,B}{effectif\,de\,B}$ .

specialty

Remark:

We speak of conditional frequency because we calculate the frequency of a value by imposing a condition.

Example:
We take the example above and we try to find out the frequency of girls (value A) among the students
who did not choose the HGGSP specialty (sub-population B).

In the table, we read that there are 5 girls who did not choose the HGGSP specialty out of a total of 11 students who do not follow this specialty.
5
Thus, $f_B(A)=\frac{5}{11}\simeq\,0,455$ .

Of the students who are not enrolled in HGGSP, approximately 45.5% are female.

II. Calculating probabilities

Let A and B be two events in the same universe with non-zero probability.

Definition:

The conditional probability that event B will occur knowing that event A has already occurred is noted $P_A\,(B)$ and is defined by $P_A\,(B)=\frac{P(A\cap\,B)}{P(A)}$ .

Example:

We take the previous example. We choose a student from the class at random and consider the events:
A: “The student has chosen the HGGSP specialty” and B: “The student is a boy”.

We use the table to find $P_A\,(B)=\frac{12}{21}=\frac{4}{7}$ .

The probability of choosing a boy knowing that the chosen student is taking the HGGSP specialty is $\frac{4}{7}$ .

Definition:

When performing a random experiment involving several events, it is easier to organize the different outcomes using a probability tree.

The first set of branches separates the outcomes according to the realization of the first event.

The second set of branches according to the second event, etc.
We indicate on each branch of the tree the corresponding probability as shown on the tree below.
The probabilities of the second level of the tree are conditional probabilities.

Probability tree

Properties:

1. In a probability tree, the sum of the probabilities on the branches coming from the same node is
equal to 1.
2. A path is a sequence of branches describing a succession of events. The probability of a
path is equal to the product of the probabilities located on the branches that compose it.
The probability of an event is the sum of the probabilities of the paths that lead to it.

Definition:

Events A and B are said to be independent when $P_A\,(B)=P(B)$ or, symmetrically, when .

Remark:

Intuitively, this means that the probability that B will happen does not depend on the realization of event A.

Example:

Keeping the same example, we observe that $P_B(A)=\,\frac{12}{18}=\frac{2}{3}$ and $P(A)=\frac{21}{32}$ .
We deduce that the events A and B are not independent.

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Probability: 1st grade math course to download in PDF.

I. Calculating frequencies

II. Calculating probabilities

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